1. Limit each slide to one unified idea.2. Plan slides so that their longest dimension will be horizontal. It is difficult to view vertically oriented
materials in rooms with low ceilings.
3. Any copy of more than five or six words is more readable if both capital and lower case letters are used rather than capitals only.
4. Select a good, readable
alphabet style, such as IBM's Times New Roman, in which all letters are easily recognizable.
5. Use a plain vertical letter style without embellishment, except where emphasis or emotional impact is
desired, and then exaggerate only. Avoid script letter style. Use italics sparingly if at all.
6. Assuming an approximate format of 8 ½ x 11" in size, limit your smaller lettering to a
minimum of ¼" in height, 1/32" in thickness of line, and at least 3/8" in the space between lines. Often visuals have to be presented under less than ideal conditions; consequently, the suggested
minimums are conservatively high. No more than 7 lines in height, 5 words in a title, and no more than 7 words in width.
7. Letters should be about as wide as they are high, of approximately the
same uniform thickness throughout. If you can read a 2x2" slide without a magnifier, people in their seats can probably read them on the screen.
8. Space lettering so that the areas between
letters are adequate for greatest legibility and appear equal for uniformity.
9. Allow a 1.5-letter width for the space between words and three widths between sentences. Too much or too little
space makes difficult reading.
10. Use maximum light-dark contrast for all lettering, black or very dark letters on a very light background.
11. An adequate margin (at least ½") is necessary between lettering and outer edge of area to be photographed.
12. Picture symbols or illustrations must be large enough and obvious enough to be easily recognized.
13. Assuming the same 8.5 x 11" format mentioned previously, picture symbols should be at least one
fourth the size of this overall area unless they are extremely simple.
14. Drawings, graphs, charts and figures should be bold, simple, and contain only essential details.
15. Picture symbols should
be outlined with a heavy line at least 1/16" thick. Necessary details can be added in thinner lines, since they should appear less important. Many thin lines, particularly if they are not
essential, may actually cause confusion.
16. Generally speaking, maximum light-dark contrast is advisable for all lines; black or near black on a light background.
17. Colour is an important
adjunct to most visuals, but should be applied in flat areas rather than in graduated tones or elaborate shading.
18. Colour combinations which clash tend to create annoyance to the viewer and
consequently interfere with a clear perception of the message.
Project your completed slides under conditions similar to those likely to be encountered in the meeting room. Examine each one
critically and impartially.
Note: If a considerable amount of tabular data and reading material must be presented, it is better to reproduce the material in printed handout form.
However, keep in mind that viewers are likely to be overwhelmed or even repulsed, rather than impressed by large amounts of data. Summarize the information whenever possible.
D. Arranging the environment
1. Position the screen in the corner to ensure that viewers can see both you and the screen.
2. Rule of 2 and 6: no viewer should be closer than 2x the height of the screen nor farther away
than 6x the height of the screen.
3. Be mindful of the "keystone" effect; tilt the screen slightly forward to eliminate.
4. Ahead of time: is the projector plugged in, positioned
properly? Is the bulb working, is there a spare bulb, is the stage clean? Will you need to dim the lights, is the projector focused?
E. Presentation
1. Positioning yourself:
- always face the group
- maintain eye contact with participants
- do not walk between the projector and the screen
2. Communicating:
- introduce your slides/overheads
- do not speak until you have eye contact with the group; while writing on overheads, stop speaking.
- speak in a strong, clear voice; if the projector is noisy or located close to some participants, you may have to project even more forcefully
- use the on/off switch to direct participant attention to you or the overheads
3. Pointing/Masking:
- Avoid rapid movements when pointing.
F. Pet peeves about speakers' use of visual aids
1. Speakers give too much detail in the visual so that the audience cannot follow or appreciate them.
2. Visuals are kept in view too long.
3. The speaker reads directly from the visual.
4. Speakers do not rehearse with their visuals.
5. Speakers do not use enough colour.
6. Speakers do not choose the right mechanical aid; for example, using cardboard charts instead of slides and
vice versa.
7. Speakers play with the visual if they can reach it. If they cannot, they play with the pointer.
8. Speakers' visuals are not positioned properly in their presentations.
9. Lack of variety of visuals.
10. Lack of originality.
G. Common errors in developing handouts
1. Handouts should not be in complete sentence form.
2. Handouts should have an organizational outline to it.
3. Make sure references are in the format cited in the Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals (i.e., the "Vancouver methods").
4. Do not over-reduce charts and figures.
5. Reference charts and graphs within the handout.
6. Include your name and date prepared on the handout.
